Long-acting : ( half-life > 40 hours) : diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, tetrazepam, flurazepam.

Intermediate-acting : ( half-life 12–40 hours) : lorazepam, temazepam, oxazepam, lormetazepam, alprazolam.

Short-acting : ( half-life 1–12 hours) : midazolam, triazolam.

Sleep disturbances: abnormal dreams, nightmares, sleep terrors.

Antagonism of orexin ( hypocretin) receptors → ↓ wakefulness.

Activation of MT1 and MT2 receptors in suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus → ↓ sleep-onset latency.

Generalized-onset and focal-onset seizures.

Intermediate-acting: amobarbital, butalbital

Short-term treatment for insomnia or anxiety.

Short-acting: pentobarbital, secobarbital

GABA A receptor agonism → ↓ neuronal excitability in the brain → ↓ ICP and sedative, hypnotic, and antiepileptic effects.

Ultra-short acting: thiopental, methohexital Long-acting: diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, tetrazepam, flurazepam Intermediate-acting: lorazepam, temazepam, oxazepam, lormetazepam, alprazolam

Indirect GABA A receptor agonism → ↓ neuronal excitability.

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

Benzodiazepine overdose antidote